Organic solar cell energy harvesting, control, optimization, and commericalization — Challenges and opportunities

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell is an emerging technology that is mechanically flexible, lightweight, and low cost. Material synthesis and device processes have improved the efficiencies of these devices, with some devices exceeding 10% [1] efficiency. Their performance relies on understanding and controlling the morphology on the nanometer scale, a challenge for OPV commercialization. This article will discuss the common OPV architecture types, current OPV technologies, their control and optimization techniques, and the current state and future directions of OPV commercialization.