Collective innovation: A literature review

Open innovation, the innovation model characterized by permeable firm boundary for innovations is gaining popularity. At the intersection of open innovation and collective intelligence lies collective innovation, an approach of innovation from crowd. First, some relevant topics, such as open innovation and crowdsourcing, are reviewed to present a big picture. The concept of collective innovation is differentiated from similar terms. Then different aspects of collective innovation are reviewed, including its advantage, typology, mechanisms, tools, motivation of the crowd, and the performance. Finally, future research directions are discussed.