An update on low-light-level camera technology for underwater applications

Low-light-level cameras have been used in the underwater environment for more than twenty years. In the past and even at present the SIT (Silicon Intensified Target) camera tube is the most commonly used television sensor. New image intensifiers with upgraded features are now available for use with ICCD (intensified charge coupled device) assemblies and are likely to become the sensors of choice in future applications. The main performance improvement in these intensifiers is in the higher sensitivities available. These sensitivities can provide significant improvements in low-light level performance. A larger variety of spectral response choices is also available. This paper reviews the performance of cameras with older and newer sensors. The review should help users in selecting the optimum combination for their future underwater camera requirements