Collusion-resistant video fingerprinting based on temporal oscillation

Most researches of collusion-resistant multimedia fingerprinting consider only the designing of the traceability code. In this paper, we not only discuss the traceability of the fingerprints, but also try to prevent collusion attacks by making the colluded version of the video useless. The proposed collusion-resistant video fingerprinting scheme embeds a curve fingerprint into the video by temporally oscillating the video frames. This curve is smooth enough so that the oscillation of the video is imperceptible. However, once the colluders average or copy-and-paste the video frames, the fluctuation of the video will be so severe that users will feel uncomfortable while watching the video. In addition, a shot-based fingerprinting is employed to embed a hierarchical traceability code to increase the collusion-resistance. Experimental results show good performances of the proposed scheme. That is, the proposed system not only can trace the colluders successfully, but also can discourage users from removing the traceability code by collusion attacks.