A framework for comprehensive analysis of a swing in sports using low-cost inertial sensors

We present a novel framework to monitor the three-dimensional trajectory (orientation and position) of a golf swing using miniaturized inertial sensors. Firstly we employed a highly accurate and computationally efficient revised gradient descent algorithm to obtain the orientation of a golf club. Secondly, we designed a series of digital filters to determine the backward and forward segments of the swing, enabling us to calculate drift-free linear velocity along with the relative 3D position of the golf club during the entire swing. Finally, the calculated motion trajectory was verified against a ground truth VICON system using Iterative Closest Point (ICP) in conjunction with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The computationally efficient framework present here achieves a high level of accuracy (r = 0.9885, p <; 0.0001) for such a low-cost system. This framework can be utilized for reliable movement technique evaluation and can provide near real-time feedback for athletes in various unconstrained environments. It is envisaged that the proposed framework is applicable to other racket based sports (e.g. tennis, cricket and hurling).