Survey of energy and power usage in copiers, duplicators, and electronic reprographic devices

The power demand and energy consumption of copiers, duplicators, and electronic reprographic devices that are widely used in the office plate are investigated. Data are presented on power, energy per copy, and energy consumption trends over the last decade and a half. The dependence on machine speed and duty cycle is also examined, and the effect of emerging digital and color technologies on energy and power usage is considered. The hot roll fusing system is found to use the largest share of energy; in a typical office copier the fuser uses as much as 50% of the energy per copy. The dependence of copying power on copy rate was examined for several dozen commercial machines. For the sample of machines examined, the estimated energy per copy has declined only slightly over the past 15 years at an annual rate of about 1%