Exposition of cells in suspension using nanosecond duration electric pulses-detection of permeabilisation by cloning efficiency tests: Results and artifacts

Intense (several MV/m) nanosecond duration electric pulses can induce damages on cells external membrane which can be detected by direct cell killing or by the uptake of non permeant molecules. We detail here the methodology to carry out those experiments, drawing the attention to exposure artifacts that demonstrate the importance of the implementation of a metrology specific to the ultrashort pulses.