A better alternative to dynamic programming for offline energy optimization in hybrid-electric vehicles

This article focusses on the well-known problem of energy management for hybrid-electric vehicles. Although researches on this problem have recently intensified. Dynamic programming (DP) is still considered as the reference method because it obtains the best solutions of the literature so far, even though it requires a significant computational time. This article however, describes two heuristic-global-optimization-based algorithms that not only require less computational time than DP, but also produce better solutions, with significantly lower fuel consumption cost.