VCSEL-based Raman frequency reference on Rubidium atoms

As an alternative to coherent population trapping (CPT), stimulated Raman scattering in an atomic vapor and implemented in an optoelectronic microwave oscillator can be designed as a compact microwave frequency reference. Due to its simplified architecture and as an active atomic clock, it has the potential to be less energy demanding than CPT. In this paper, we present experimental results on the behavior and frequency stability of a tabletop Raman oscillator.