Artificial reefs: from waste to resources

Waste materials, often referred to as “materials-of-opportunity,” have been the primary components used for constructing artificial reefs. Ships, barges, airplanes, automobiles, concrete debris, tires, and many other waste items have been disposed of at sea, with the added benefit of providing artificial reef habitat for environmental enhancement, fishing reefs, and interesting dive sites for eco-tourism. The latest development in artificial reefs is the use of custom designed and fabricated reef units, designed to maximize the effectiveness of the artificial reefs for environmental enhancement, waste disposal, stability, and/or shoreline stabilization. This paper presents findings by the authors based on their work in the design, fabrication, installation, and monitoring of the performance of artificial reefs. Examples include artificial reef units fabricated of waste materials, native materials, new materials, and various combinations. The design of artificial reefs incorporates both engineering and biological elements. Just as an architect integrates the living space needs of a home owner and the requirements for structural design, an artificial reef designer must address both the needs of the species that will inhabit and utilize the reef, and the requirements for structural stability and integrity imposed by the harsh marine environment