Interconnection of large-scale photovoltaic systems with the electrical grid: Potential issues

The interconnection of photovoltaic (PV) systems with electricity grid continues to increase significantly worldwide. These systems benefit firstly the grid by improving the reliability of the supply and secondly the owners through revenue earning. However, PV systems without energy storage are intermittent power sources. As a result they bring about some new issues to the utility, particularly as the penetration levels of renewable energy systems all over the power system continue to increase. Technical requirements from both PV system and grid side need to be fulfilled to maintain the reliability of the power system. This paper reviews the grid interactions with grid-connected PV systems.