Notice of RetractionEffect of particle size distribution on flow pattern and pressure drop in pipeline flow of slurries

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

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Discussed the effect of particle size distribution on flow pattern and pressure drop in pipeline flow of slurries. The particles tend to settle down to the bottom of pipes due to the action of gravity force forming different flow patterns which can be indicated by particle concentration profile. Fine particles tend to be fully suspended owing to their small volume and light weight, but the coarse particles are easily to separate from the liquid. Therefore, three distinct flow patterns can be observed for different particle size distribution at different velocities: fully stratified, partially stratified and fully suspended flow patterns. As for pressure drop, fine particles suspended in water make the water more viscous, and increase the friction. In case of coarse particles, having larger volume, they have the tendency to contact with the pipe wall and with the other coarse particles more times, which increase the friction of flow. Meanwhile, coarse particles are lifted by the pressure difference generated as they rotate in the liquid preventing the coarse particles from settling down which results in less friction. The mixture of particles of different sizes is helpful to reduce pressure drop in pipeline flow slurries. Narrow grading particles tend to have high frictional losses, while broad grading particles have low frictional losses at high concentrations.