Three dimensional surface warping for plastic surgery planning

This paper proposes to use free-form deformation for pre-surgical planning in plastic surgery. 3D data is obtained with a stereoscopic method. A direct manipulation method is applied in order that surgeons are not required to consider the underlying B-spline control lattice during their use. The proposed method sets several parameters that can be altered to meet different requirements. One displacement vector can be adjusted to different direction and length. Lattice resolution is set to change the surgery surface area. To achieve a desired 3D surface warping result, an arbitrary number of displacement vectors each with different direction and length can be applied. The proposed method provides flexibility and real-time effect. The volume change is specified during the warping process. The work also proposes one simplified skin-muscle model and simulates the implanted material needed to achieve the result. Graphical user interface is developed and the nose augmentation as an example application is presented and discussed