Bounding efficiency loss of multiclass stochastic user equilibrium traffic assignment against stochastic system optimum under road pricing

The efficiency loss of multiclass stochastic user equilibrium traffic assignment under road pricing against stochastic system optimum was investigated. Variational inequality models of the time-based and monetary-based decision making were formulated, respectively. It is shown that the upper bound of efficiency loss caused by the time-based decision making depends on the class of link travel time functions and the total experienced travel cost. The upper bound of efficiency loss caused by the monetary-based decision making depends on the users´ socio-economic characteristics besides the aforementioned factors.