Automatic procedures for a simplified calibration of network analyzers

Several automatically controlled procedures for a calibration of a network analyzer are presented. The procedures are based on the use of mechanical switching networks in order to realize virtual transfer standards. The networks form parts of the analyzer, so they will not be removed after the calibration has been finished. It is not necessary to know the characteristics of the single switching states, because only the relative changes of the states are significant. Compared with commercially available procedures like TRL the effort of the new calibration techniques is decreased.