States of arts on laser remote sensing techniques of sea surface roughness in Russia

In Russia laser based methods of sea probing have been developed since early 1967. Today there are over fifteen scientist and engineer groups from several Russian academy of Sciences Institutes and other Applied Laboratories working on this problem. They have developed different laser-based methods and techniques which are used in a wide range of sea surface oceanology. Some of them use sharply-focused laser beams for the measurement of ocean waves of horizontal scale up to 1 mm and wave slope up to half a degree. Besides different applications for sea surface remote sensing to solve several pure and applied scientific problems the wide range of lidar technique types are used. The sea surface lidar studies are carried out from various heights in the upper side of the interaction water surface layer as well as various depths in the lower-underwater side. So there are special techniques for aircraft, coastal or shipboard utilisation