Network architectures for the 21st century

Local exchange carriers are well regarded for the quality of their service in most countries but face cost pressures and the demand for new services. Worldwide traditional telecommunications carriers see competition from corporations that own extensive right-of-ways, not currently in the communications business. Electric power companies (e.g. Japan and the Netherlands), water companies (e.g. the Netherlands and France), gas-line companies and railroads (e.g. USA) as well as the traditional CATV providers are all viewing the lucrative telecommunications market as an opportunity for corporate growth