Analytical study of howland current source model

Many applications such as bias network circuits, temperature sensing circuits etc. require current source. Programmable current sources are required for many industrial applications. Implementation of a programmable current source varies depending on the type of application. In measurement field voltage controlled current sources are widely used. In this paper, Howland model is simulated and various characteristics are studied. The analytical and simulated results are matching. The simulation is carried out using Tina 7 Simulation software.