A novel volume integral formulation for wideband impedance extraction of arbitrarily-shaped 3-D lossy conductors in multiple dielectrics

A novel impedance extraction formulation based on volume integral equation has been developed for modeling arbitrarily shaped 3-D lossy conductors in inhomogeneous dielectrics. It retains all the flexibilities offered by the volume integral formulation traditionally developed for solving wave-related problems, while accommodating a circuit-source based excitation inside a field based volume integral formulation. It facilitates circuit parameter extraction at ports located anywhere in the physical structure of a circuit. This formulation can also naturally revert to a static formulation for impedance extraction at low frequencies. An excellent agreement of numerical results with reference data validates the proposed formulation.