A fast O(1) solution for eliminating the low-frequency breakdown problem of fullwave solvers

In this work, a fast full-wave finite-element based solution is developed to eliminate the low frequency breakdown problem in a reduced system of order one. It is applicable to general 3-D problems involving ideal as well as nonideal conductors immersed in inhomogeneous, lossless, lossy, and dispersive materials. The proposed method retains the theoretical rigor of the full-wave solution recently developed for solving the low-frequency breakdown problem, while speeding up the low-frequency computation with its O(1) solution.