Component-based normalization for panel detector PET scanners

We present a component-based normalization method for a PET scanner with a rotating array of panel detectors. The normalization procedure is designed to robustly normalize sinograms acquired with different levels of scattered radiation and at different count rates, flattening the response when there is no scatter and in all cases removing artifactual detector-block patterns which if uncorrected could cause ring artifacts and intensity variations along the scanner axis. Coincidence events are binned during acquisition into a 3D sinogram S(r,φ,z,seg) where r is radius, φ is angle, z is the axial position, and seg is the segment. In its simple form, the normalization N, defined by the equation S(normalized) = N*S(unnormalized), is assumed to take the angle-independent form N=1/(g(r,seg)*f(r,z,seg)*c(z,seg)) where the f term contains only low radial frequencies. The g and f terms are derived from a scan of a scatter-free plane source generated by moving a line source in the field of view while rotations are disabled. The c term, derived from a scan of a 21-cm cylindrical phantom that scatters radiation and fills the axial field of view, removes high-frequency axial features in the sinogram but does not correct for the low-frequency scatter features which are handled by the reconstruction software. As the count rate changes, one finds that sinograms normalized by this simple procedure are afflicted by a high-frequency axial pattern due to a sensitivity changes at the edges of blocks. This artifact is addressed by a multiplicative correction of the form a(S)+b(S)*cos(k*z) where S is the singles counting rate and the cosine term has the periodicity of the array of detector blocks.