Fiducial-less 3-D object tracking in AR systems based on the integration of top-down and bottom-up approaches and automatic database addition

We propose a novel fiducial-less 3-D object tracking method. Our method consists of three components: 1) bottom-up approach (BUA), 2) top-down approach (TDA), and 3) automatic database addition (ADA). An experimental result shows an accuracy and robustness of our method.