3-D Localized Position-Based Routing with Nearly Certain Delivery in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We present a novel 3D routing algorithm, adaptive least-squares protective FACE routing algorithm, for wireless mobile ad hoc networks. This algorithm is based on three heuristics, least-squares projection (LSP) plane, adaptive behavior scale (ABS) and multi-projection-plane strategy, as well as the algorithm of projective FACE routing on two orthogonal planes. The resultant algorithm of adaptive least-squares projective FACE routing with 16 or more projection planes available gives nearly certain delivery, e.g. a 100% delivery rate shown by our simulations, on the unit disk graph (UDG). We also provide a comparison of performance for routing in 2D and in 3D. Two randomized versions, half-space partition and quadrant-space partition, of certain deterministic routing algorithms are also proposed to accommodate randomized routing in 3D