LEAP++: A Robust Key Establishment Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a security-enhanced variant of LEAP+, called LEAP++. The proposed scheme not only improves the security against node capture attacks but also provides additional robustness against denial-of-service and node fabrication attacks. It also provides an easy way to detect in many cases, if not all, node replication and wormhole attacks during key establishment. We also propose a variant of LEAP++ robust even under master key compromise using a small-size ECDH.