Characterization of antenna broadband dispersive features

Real-world antennas distort broadband signals depending on (i) their geometrical structures, (ii) driving waveforms, and (iii) port termination. The first two factors are widely discussed in literature including selection of best signal waveforms and antenna shapes. Port loading effects are readily analyzed with the method. Although the three factors are intermixed in observable features of broadband practical antennas, understanding and controlling contributions of each individual factor to the overall frequency-dependent nature of broadband antennas is valuable for research and development.