Defending Wireless Ad Hoc Network from Single and Cooperative Black Holes

Mobile ad hoc networks remove the dependence on a fixed network infrastructure by treating every available mobile node as an intermediate switch, thereby extending the range of mobile nodes well beyond their base transceivers. Since routing is the backbone of any mobile ad hoc communication, thus if there occur any flaws in the routing, the whole of the communication would come down to a stand still. The black hole is one of the most severe threats which has engulfed the routing, practically causing no useful communication to take place. The black hole can be easily deployed against the MANETs.