Closed-loop blood glucose control using dual subcutaneous infusion of insulin and glucagon based on switching PID controller

Glucose management is an important clinical task for diabetic patients, and intensive insulin therapy is widely considered a promising way for the glucose management. However, the intensive insulin therapy has one potential risk: hypoglycemia, but there is no antagonist to compensate hypoglycaemia in the intensive insulin therapy. Dual infusion of insulin and glucagon can overcome this shortcoming. In this paper, a switching control algorithm was proposed to design and optimize the insulin and glucagon infusion rates simultaneously, and this algorithm has been implemented in a virtual type 1 diabetic subject. The in silico results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can reduce hypoglycaemia significantly.