Reliability of malfunction tolerance

Generalized algorithm of fault tolerance is presented, using time, structural and information redundancy types. It is shown that algorithm of fault tolerance might be implemented using hardware and software. It is also shown that for the design of efficient fault tolerant system elements must be malfunction tolerant. The advantage of element malfunction tolerance is proven in reliability terms. Reliability analysis of a fault tolerant system is performed with deliberate separation of malfunction and permanent faults. Special function of reliability gain is introduced and used to model system reliability. Maximum reliability of fault tolerant system is achievable with less than a duplication system and depends on malfunction/permanent fault ratio and coverage of faults. System level of fault tolerance prerogative is the reconfiguration from permanent faults.