Crash zones based on driver´s collision avoidance operation for ITS

There are three kinds of collision avoidance operations when a driver encounters an object just ahead: braking and stopping before collision, steering the vehicle for avoidance, and steering and braking simultaneously. In any case, a certain crash-unavoidable zone exists to each vehicle. A "cross point" determined by the vehicle behavior is a key factor in designing a crash-unavoidable zone and depends mainly on the vehicle speed, friction between the wheels and the road, and steering angle. In this paper, this zone is determined by taking these factors into account.