Frequency-adaptive power system modeling for multi-scale simulation of transients

A multi-scale power system modeling methodology for the integrative simulation of electromagnetic and electromechanical transients is introduced, implemented and validated. It makes use of frequency-adaptive simulation of transients (FAST) in which the shift frequency appears as a new parameter in addition to the time step size. For fast electromagnetic transients, tracking of instantaneous waveforms as in the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) is performed. When slower electromechanical transients involving power oscillations prevail, the Fourier spectra of the waveforms are shifted by typically either 50 Hz or 60 Hz to eliminate the AC carrier and enable envelope following as in phasor-based simulation. An algorithm for the automatic setting of both shift frequency and time step size is proposed. Multi-scale models of transformers, synchronous machinery, and transmission lines based on FAST are developed. The line model is distinguished in that it bridges both lumped and distributed parameters to efficiently emulate scale-bridging phenomena from steady state to traveling waves. The overall methodology is thoroughly validated: first against a staged field test involving transients of line energization and recovery on the network of the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA); then through comparison with an EMTP-type simulator in modeling diverse transients on a four-machine two-area power system.