Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Nanoprobes for Imaging

Despite the advantages of bioluminescence (BL) over fluorescence, its potential use for in vivo imaging has been hindered because BL signals emitted at short wavelengths are strongly attenuated by light scattering and absorption under in vivo conditions. To tackle this issue, BL resonance energy transfer (BRET) nanoprobes have been developed by using different bioluminescent proteins and fluorescent counterparts including nanoparticles. Here, we review the recent advances in BL nanoprobes and their applications in in vivo imaging and/or the diagnosis of target molecules. With the aim of furthering research and development, we suggest that BRET nanoprobes with improved stability, reduced toxicity, and near infrared-emitting properties will have great potential for in vivo applications in fundamental biology and nanomedicine.