Implications of systems of systems on system design and engineering

Over the past ten years there has been a steady growth in attention to issues related to systems of systems (SoS) and systems engineering, particularly in Defense in the United States. This attention has focused on how to apply SE principles and practices to SoS, considering the differences between systems and SoS. For many organizations, however, despite recognition of SoS considerations, the focus of investment and development continues to be on individual systems. This paper looks at SoS and SE from the perspective of constituent systems and examines impacts on systems engineering of systems in light of the increased prevalence of SoS. The paper addresses these issues based on the experience and viewpoint of the U.S. Department of Defense and identifies areas for further attention in systems engineering research and practice.