Efficient wireless sensor network rings overlay for crowd management in Arafat area of Makkah

In this paper, we present an optimal monitoring and evacuation methodologies for pilgrims in Arafat area of Makkah with the aid of Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN). In addition to its significant impact, the proposed application has many challenges that need to be tackled. We highlight these challenges and provide a Rings overlay that efficiently contributes to monitoring the area and managing the crowd. Moreover, the integration with RFID technology is proposed to facilitate the staged evacuation of the crowd. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated using simulation experiments. The experiments show promising results towards solving many of the underlying problems.