Working energy-based economic incentives for the supply and loading qualities improvement in islanded micro-grids

There is a tendency to operate power grids with renewable sources of energy, such as wind generators and/or photovoltaic panels, as islanded micro-grids. Due to low short-circuit power in such grids, harmonic distortion and asymmetry could be higher than in common distribution systems, however. The paper shows that conventional accounts for energy, based on the amount of active energy delivered from a power utility to customers, do not contain any economic incentives for reducing harmonic distortion and asymmetry. Such incentives can be created when instead of the amount of active energy the amount of the working energy delivered to a customer is used as the base for energy accounts.