Blackouts: Remedial measures and restoration practices — Asian and Australian experience

Bulk electric power systems (EPS) experience tens and hundreds of thousands of disturbances yearly. Most of the disturbances are eliminated by relay protection and emergency control devices. Failures of these devices, personnel errors and some external factors may result in a cascading development of the emergency that is normally localized and eliminated by emergency control system. The insufficient efficiency and reliability of emergency control system as well as other related reasons lead to unique severe outages - blackouts - often with catastrophic consequences for EPS and consumers.