A constrained hybrid state estimator including pseudo flow measurements

Synchronized measurement technology (SMT) is increasingly deployed in modern power systems. Although it can be used in many applications in modern energy management centers, the most natural application of SMT is in the area of state estimation. The incorporation of synchrophasors provided by the Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), in the state estimation process has improved many aspects of the state estimation procedure, such as the accuracy, observability and convergence. In this paper, a hybrid state estimator that incorporates pseudo power flow measurements is presented. The performance of the estimator is assessed and compared to the conventional state estimator.