A low-cost green geographic WSN routing in the presence of localization errors

Existing energy-efficient geographic routing algorithms of wireless sensor network have two problems in practical deployment. Firstly, the cost for getting the location information of nodes incurs too expensive to implement. Secondly, they are vulnerable to a substantial performance degradation in terms of energy consumption and packet delivery ratio in the presence of location errors. In view of these, this paper proposed two solutions toward reducing cost for getting location information and alleviating performance degradation respectively. To save cost, a distributed network coordinate algorithm is adopted which simply translates the delay time between nodes into location information. In order to minimize the impact of location errors on optimal node selection, we propose a data-gathering circle scheme, which can indicate the direction of packet delivery and narrow the neighbor candidate nodes set of relay node to improve energy efficiency. Furthermore, location errors will also impact actual data delivery transmitted by the optimal relay node. Therefore, transmission range extending scheme is adopted to cope with the transmission failure to improve packet delivery ratio. Extensive simulation results show that our proposal is robust to location errors, which can minimize energy consumption and improve routing performance.