Systems analysis of protection system coordination: A strategic problem for transmission and distribution reliability

Protection system coordination is a strategic problem for utilities in that it affects most aspects of transmission and distribution and has a dramatic impact on transmission and distribution reliability. The ramifications of protection system coordination affect planning functions as well as system operations, and the lack of coordination can have far reaching effects, even to the point of grid disturbance. For true transmission and distribution reliability, protection engineering must continue to serve an active, integrated, proactive role in all facets of the power system industry and must make use of every tool at its disposal. In this regard, computer technology has evolved such that the coordination process has been replicated, and the means for a system-wide, systematic, analytical solution to protection system coordination has been achieved