Influence strategies for systems of systems

Distributed decision making has been identified as a source of managerial complexity for the SoS engineer. A new framework, AIR (Anticipation-Influence-Reaction), is proposed to capture the feedback relationship between the decisions made by constituents and those made by the managers of the SoS. AIR is then used to develop a five-member set of basic influences that can bring about changes in constituent behavior thus modifying the SoS. These influences, the 5 I´s, are Incentives, Information, Infrastructure, Integration, and Institutions. AIR and the influences are demonstrated through qualitative application to real-world SoS and quantitatively through a simulation of an inter-modal transport network. It is found that cooperation between competing constituents can be quite fragile and sensitive to the SoS context. Careful, dynamic planning of influence strategies is needed to maintain SoS behavior in the face of constituents who are driven by self-interest and a limited, local perspective of the SoS.