Needs and management of the complementary courses for PhD candidates in the field of electrical and information engineering: An answer to economical and industrial world

Since the Bologna process requires harmonization of degrees in the European Higher Education Area, doctoral programs have become subject to intensive analysis. This applies particularly to two components: the first one is directly linked to research activities performed in a research environment. The second one corresponds to complementary means devoted to preparing the future doctor to the professional life in research institutions, academic environment but also in companies. Today, in average two third of the doctors in the developed countries must find a professional position in commerce and industry. Academic institutions have adapted their doctoral programs to the changed situation. This paper highlights this development by giving some examples in the field of electrical and information engineering.