An analysis of vibrations of quartz crystal plates with nonlinear Mindlin plate equations

The nonlinear effects of material constants and initial stresses and strains in quartz crystal resonators is well known f on the frequency-temperature curves, drive-level dependency, acceleration sensitivity, and stress compensation. Consequently, accurate predictions on resonator behavior and their electrical circuit parameters require the use of nonlinear vibration equations and their solutions. The effectiveness of nonlinear analyses has been shown by a few researchers with the finite element and perturbation methods. The Mindlin plate theory, which has been used extensively for understanding plate modes and their coupling effects in plate vibrations analysis, is not enough in the study of the nonlinear behavior of quartz resonators. We have followed the Mindlin plate theory to derive the nonlinear equations with the inclusion of large displacements and higher order elastic constants. The coupling of vibration modes due to nonlinearity is clearly observed and it is quite different from linear cases that we are familiar with. We start from the equations of vibration for the thickness-shear mode to validate the solution techniques, which could be the perturbation method and the latest Homotopy Analytical Method (HAM). Then the methods are applied to the coupled equations of thickness-shear and flexural vibrations which are the two dominant modes of quartz crystal resonators of the thickness-shear type. These solutions, in the absence of the strong electrical field, can be used to study the frequency, deformation, and mode conversion in nonlinear vibrations. We hope the frequency spectra and spatial variations of the thickness-shear and flexural displacements from the accurate solutions of nonlinear equations will provide insights on the changes in each mode when compared with their linear vibrations. The further extension of nonlinear plate equations with the inclusion of piezoelectric effects will also provide useful examination of nonlinear behavior of quartz cry- stal resonators.