GNSS clock prediction and integrity

Estimation of GNSS clocks phase is conventionally carried out by geodetic network adjustment techniques where orbits and all participant clocks are computed in a batch or Kalman filter least square adjustment to a reference time scale and frame. For real time navigation this estimated clock has to be predicted and provided to the user through the broadcasted navigation message or other means as IGS ultra-rapid products. The present paper studies GNSS clocks prediction based on network estimations. Once the stochastic model is characterized for each GNSS clock technology detailed results are presented with dedicated attention to the clock prediction error, its gaussianity, over bounding possibilities and deterministic effects contribution, as frequency jumps, periodicities or group delay stability.