A common modeling framework of voltage-sourced converters for loadflow, sensitivity, and dispatch analysis

This paper discusses the use of injected shunt and series voltage sources to model voltage-sourced converters (VSC)-based FACTS controllers such as the unified power flow controller (UPFC) and the interline power flow controller (IPFC). Traditional power network models include only shunt voltage injections, and thus the inclusion of series voltage injections provides a new capability of power system models. In addition, the voltage injections are active devices, with reactive power injections when a VSC is operated independently, and also with active power injections when more than two VSCs are coupled. A Newton-Raphson loadflow solution and a network sensitivity analysis are developed based on this framework. The sensitivities can be used for optimal dispatch of FACTS controllers.