Real time digital simulation: trends on technology and T&D applications

Power system simulation tools are required for operational and expansion planning studies, testing of control and protective relay systems, development of new technologies and also for training and education, often demanding a detailed three-phase representation of the electrical system. Elaborated models for control-assisted equipment, incorporating firing pulses and switching devices representation, may be necessary in many cases. Real-time digital simulators have been presenting continuous improvements for the last two decades, and are presently used for several different situations. This paper presents some of the technological trends for these simulators, and examples of their applications for power transmission and distribution systems.