Anatomy-Based Modeling, Muscle-Based Animating and Math-Based Representing of Human Eyes

This paper presents a novel 3D muscle-controlled eye (MCE) model and a new math-based representation of eye movements and expressions. According to the differences between external eye area including eyelids, eyebrows, forehead and internal eyeball in anatomical and physical characteristics, MCE is reconstructed as external flexible model and internal rigid model. In consideration of volume invariance in deformation, we add thickness direction to contraction direction defined by Waters´ muscle model. Based on MCE, any continuous movement or expression of arbitrary eyes can be described with a group of time-varying curves of normalized muscle contraction, called multi-curve spectrum (MCS). This allows significant data reduction and applicability improvement when representing and animating the same movement of different eyes.