Emerging energy storage solutions for transportation — A review: An insight into road, rail, sea and air transportation applications

Increasing usage of hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles and emerging new concepts in transportation such as electric highways have raised the significant role of energy storage solutions for transportation to its highest level. It is impossible to specify a single energy storage solution that can satisfactorily fulfill the varying performance demands of various applications in transportation. This paper will identify some of the most demanded performance requirements from some of the key applications in transportation and assess the suitability of emerging energy storage solutions against those.