Artificial (intelligent) agents and active cyber defence: Policy implications

This article examines the implications of employing artificial (intelligent) agents for active cyber defence (ACD) measures, in other words proactive measures, in the context of military and private sector operations. The article finds that many complex cyber-related challenges are solved by applying artificial intelligence (AI) tools, particularly since intelligent malware and new advanced cyber capabilities are evolving at a fast rate and intelligent solutions can assist in automation where pre-fixed automation designs are insufficient. Intelligent agents potentially underpin solutions for many current and future cyber-related challenges and AI therefore plays a possible role as one of a number of significant technical tools for ACD. However, this article considers that although such advanced solutions are needed, it finds that many technical and policy-related questions still surround the possible future consequences of these solutions, in particular the employing of fully autonomous intelligent agents and possible disruptive technologies that combine AI with other disciplines. While these AI tools and ACD actions might be technologically possible, the article argues that a number of significant policy gaps arise such as legal question marks, ideological and ethical concerns, public perception issues, public-private sector ramifications, and economic matters. It highlights several areas of possible concern and concludes that it is important to examine further the implications of these rapidly evolving developments. Finally, the article provides several policy options as a start so as to begin responsibly shaping the future policy landscape in this field.