Low frame rate video coding for small bandwidth realtime multimedia tele-education systems

A fast and effective low frame rate video coding scheme is presented, which achieves acceptable image transfer times for application in real-time tele-education services, where the bandwidths are small to moderate (e.g., 9600 bit/s) and where a requirement exists for implementation on standard microcomputer equipment without dedicated hardware. The method applies two-level conditional replenishment in combination with MSVQ (mean separating vector quantizing), differential-pulse code modulation, and MTC (modified tunstall coding), i.e., a form of variable-to-fixed-length coding