Demonstration of accurate prediction of PAVE PAWS embedded element gain

We can now accurately theoretically predict the embedded element gain and 2-way scan loss of the PAVE PAWS array to within 0.25 dB over 420-450 MHz band up to 60° scan and 0.4 dB up to 75° scan. When the PAVE PAWS array, which uses a bent, crossed-dipole element, was built in the 1970´s tools were not available for accurate prediction. Expensive experimental trial-and-error measurements were used. The theoretical predictions were made using the Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Accurate mutual coupling measurements made in 1977 on a 320 element PAVE PAWS test array were used for verification.