FDTD analysis of electromagnetic interactions between handset antennas and the human head

This paper presents a study of the interactions between handset antennas and human-head tissue in personal communications using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) electromagnetic simulation approach. Various antennas used for cellular phones such as the monopole, dipole and inverted F-antennas (IFA) have been considered in the investigation. A heterogeneous and realistic head model has been utilised to predict the effects of EM coupling to a human operator on the antenna characteristics, such as input impedance, radiation patterns, and radiation efficiency. The potential hazards posed by the antennas on the human head have also been addressed by examining the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the human tissue for 1 W of power radiated